Pehea ke kumu kūʻai o ka zinc?

Hoʻopili pololei ʻia ke kumukūʻai honua o nā kumuwaiwai zinc e ka pilina pili a me ke koi a me ke kūlana waiwai.ʻO ka hāʻawi honua ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai zinc ka mea nui i nā ʻāina e like me Australia a me Kina, me nā ʻāina hana nui ʻo Kina, Peru, a me Australia.Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Zinc ma Asia Pacific a me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.ʻO Jianeng ka mea hana nui a me ka mea kūʻai aku o ka zinc metala, me ka hopena nui i nā kumukūʻai zinc.Aia ka lua o ka waihona waiwai zinc o Kina ma ka honua, akā ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe ka papa.ʻO kāna hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kūlana mua ma ka honua, a ʻo kona hilinaʻi ʻana i waho ke kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO kekahi, ʻo LME wale nō ka honua zinc futures exchange, e noho ana i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka mākeke zinc futures.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo LME i ka makahiki 1876 a ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e alakaʻi i ke kālepa zinc informal i kona hoʻomaka ʻana.I ka makahiki 1920, ua hoʻomaka ke kālepa kūhelu o ka zinc.Mai ka 1980s, ua lilo ʻo LME i barometer o ka mākeke zinc honua, a ʻo kāna kumu kūʻai kūhelu e hōʻike ana i nā loli o ka lako zinc a me ke koi a puni ka honua, i ʻike nui ʻia a puni ka honua.Hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau kumukūʻai ma o nā ʻaelike like ʻole a me nā koho koho ma LME.ʻO ka hana mākeke o ka zinc ke kolu o ka LME, ka lua wale nō i ke keleawe a me ka alumini.

ʻO ka lua, ua wehe pōkole ka New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) i ke kālepa zinc futures, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa.

Ua hoʻohana pōkole ʻo COMEX i ka zinc futures mai 1978 a 1984, akā ʻaʻole i kūleʻa.I kēlā manawa, ua ikaika loa nā mea hana zinc ʻAmelika i ke kumu kūʻai zinc, no laila ʻaʻole i lawa ka nui o ka ʻoihana zinc i ka COMEX e hāʻawi i ka wai kuikahi, ʻaʻole hiki i ka zinc ke hoʻoholo i nā kumukūʻai ma waena o LME a me COMEX e like me ke keleawe a me ke kālā.I kēia mau lā, ʻike nui ʻia ke kālepa metala o COMEX i nā wā e hiki mai ana a me nā ʻaelike koho no ke gula, kālā, keleawe, a me ka alumini.

ʻO ke kolu ʻo ia ka Shanghai Stock Exchange i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka Shanghai Zinc Futures i ka makahiki 2007, e komo ana i ka ʻōnaehana kumu kumu kūʻai zinc honua.

Aia kahi kālepa zinc pōkole ma ka mōʻaukala o Shanghai Stock Exchange.I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1990, ʻo ka zinc he ʻano kālepa i ka wā lōʻihi me nā metala maʻamau e like me ke keleawe, aluminika, ke kēpau, ka tin, a me ka nickel.Eia naʻe, ua emi ka nui o ke kālepa zinc i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i ka makahiki 1997, ua pau ke kālepa zinc.I ka makahiki 1998, i ka wā o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mākeke o ka wā e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā ʻano kālepa metala nonferrous i ke keleawe a me ka alumini, a ua kāpae ʻia ka zinc a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai o ka zinc i ka makahiki 2006, ua kāhea mau ʻia no ka hoʻi ʻana o ka zinc i ka mākeke.Ma Malaki 26, 2007, ua hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ka Shanghai Stock Exchange i ka zinc futures, e lawe ana i nā loli kūloko i ka lako a me ke koi i ka mākeke zinc Kina i ka mākeke honua a komo i ka ʻōnaehana kumu kūʻai zinc honua.

ʻO ke kumu kumu kūʻai kumu no ka wahi zinc ma ka mākeke honua ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kumu kūʻai ʻaelike zinc futures ma ke kumukūʻai benchmark, a hoʻohui i ka markup e like me ka ʻōlelo kikoʻī.ʻO ke ʻano o nā kumukūʻai wahi zinc honua a me nā kumukūʻai LME e hiki mai ana ke kūpaʻa loa, no ka mea, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai LME zinc ke kumu kūʻai kumu kūʻai lōʻihi no nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea kūʻai aku metala zinc, a ʻo kāna kumu kūʻai awelika o kēlā me kēia mahina ke kumu kumu kūʻai no ke kālepa wahi metala zinc. .

ʻO kekahi ka piʻi ʻana a i lalo o nā kumukūʻai zinc mai 1960 a i 1978;ʻO ka lua ka manawa oscillation mai 1979 a 2000;ʻO ke kolu, ʻo ia ka wikiwiki o ka piʻi a i lalo mai ka makahiki 2001 a hiki i 2009;ʻO ka hā o ka manawa hoʻololi mai 2010 a 2020;ʻO ka lima ka wikiwiki o ka piʻi ʻana mai 2020. Mai ka 2020, ma muli o ka hopena o nā kumukūʻai ikehu ʻEulopa, ua emi iho ka nui o ka lako zinc, a ʻo ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka koi zinc ua alakaʻi i ka rebound i nā kumukūʻai zinc, e hoʻomau i ka piʻi a ʻoi aku ka nui. $3500 no ke tona.

I ka makahiki 2022, hōʻike ka hōʻike hou loa mai ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) he 1.9 billion tons ka waiwai zinc i hōʻoia ʻia, a ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka zinc ore honua he 210 miliona mau metala.Loaʻa iā Australia ka nui o ka zinc ore mālama, ma 66 miliona tons, helu ʻia no 31.4% o ka nui o nā mālama mālama honua.ʻO ka lua o nā waihona zinc ore o Kina ma Australia wale nō, ma 31 miliona tons, ʻo ia ka 14.8% o ka huina honua.ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me ka nui o ka zinc ore mālama ʻia ʻo Rūsia (10.5%), Peru (8.1%), Mekiko (5.7%), India (4.6%), a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka nui o ka zinc ore mālama ʻia o nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he 25% o. ka huina kālā o ka honua.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hana o ka zinc, me ka emi iki o nā makahiki i hala.Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻōla mālie ka hana i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

Ke hoʻonui mau nei ka hana honua o ka zinc ore ma mua o 100 mau makahiki, a hiki i kona kiʻekiʻe ma 2012 me ka hana makahiki o 13.5 miliona mau metala o ka zinc concentrate.I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, aia kekahi pae o ka emi ʻana, a hiki i 2019, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ka ulu.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka make ʻana o COVID-19 i ka makahiki 2020 ua hoʻemi hou ka honua zinc mine output, me ka emi ʻana o ka huahana makahiki e 700000 tons, 5.51% makahiki-ma-makahiki, ka hopena o ka lako zinc honua paʻa a me ka piʻi mau ʻana o ke kumukūʻai.Me ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi maʻi, ua hoʻi mālie ka hana o ka zinc i ka pae o 13 miliona tons.Hōʻike ka ʻikepili me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka hoʻokele honua a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka noi mākeke, e hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka zinc i ka wā e hiki mai ana.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā ʻāina me ka nui o ka hana zinc honua ʻo Kina, Peru, a me Australia.

Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka United States Bureau of Geological Survey (USGS), ua hōʻea ka hana zinc ore honua i 13 miliona tons ma 2022, me Kina ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa o 4.2 miliona mau metala, ʻo ia ka 32.3% o ka huina o ka honua.ʻO nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe me ka hana nui o ka zinc ore ʻo Peru (10.8%), Australia (10.0%), India (6.4%), ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (5.9%), Mexico (5.7%), a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe.ʻO ka nui o ka hana ʻana o nā mines zinc ma nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe he 28.9% o ka huina honua.

ʻO ke kolu, ʻo nā mea hana zinc honua ʻelima kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka 1/4 o ka hana honua, a ʻo kā lākou hoʻolālā hana i kekahi hopena i ke kumu kūʻai zinc.

I ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka huina makahiki o nā mea hana zinc ʻelima o ka honua ma kahi o 3.14 miliona tons, e helu ana no kahi 1/4 o ka hana zinc honua.Ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hana zinc ma mua o 9.4 biliona kālā ʻAmelika, kahi i hana ai ʻo Glencore PLC ma kahi o 1.16 miliona tons zinc, Hindustan Zinc Ltd i hana ma kahi o 790000 tons zinc, Teck Resources Ltd i hana i 610000 tons zinc, Zijin Mining i hana ma kahi o 310000 tons zinc, a ʻo Boliden AB i hana ma kahi o 270000 tons zinc.Hoʻopili pinepine nā mea hana zinc nui i nā kumukūʻai zinc ma o ka hoʻolālā o ka "hōʻemi i ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā kumukūʻai", e pili ana i ka pani ʻana i nā mines a me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka hana e hoʻokō i ka pahuhopu e hōʻemi i ka hana a mālama i nā kumukūʻai zinc.I ʻOkakopa 2015, hoʻolaha ʻo Glencore i ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka hana zinc, e like me 4% o ka hana honua, a ua piʻi nā kumukūʻai zinc ma luna o 7% i ka lā hoʻokahi.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc honua i ka Asia Pacific a me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika.

I ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka hoʻohana honua ʻana o ka zinc i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia he 14.0954 miliona tons, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma Asia Pacific a me ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika, a ʻo Kina ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc, helu no 48%.Ua helu ʻia ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me India i ka lua a me ke kolu, ʻo 6% a me 5% kēlā me kēia.ʻO nā ʻāina kūʻai nui ʻē aʻe e pili ana i nā ʻāina i kūkulu ʻia e like me South Korea, Iapana, Belgium, a me Kelemānia.

ʻO ka lua, ua māhele ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka zinc i ka hoʻohana mua ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hope.ʻO ka hoʻohana mua ʻana ʻo ia ka zinc plating, aʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka ʻōnaehana.ʻO nā hoʻololi o ka noi ma ka hopena o ka mea kūʻai aku e pili i ke kumukūʻai o ka zinc.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka zinc i ka hoʻohana mua ʻana a me ka hoʻohana hope.ʻO ka hoʻohana mua ʻana o ka zinc e kālele nui ʻia i nā noi galvanized, helu no 64%.ʻO ka pau ʻana o ka zinc e pili ana i ka hana hou ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana mua o ka zinc ma ke kaulahao ʻoihana o lalo.I ka pau ʻana o ka zinc, ʻo ka ʻoihana a me nā ʻāpana kūkulu ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa, ma 33% a me 23%.E hoʻoili ʻia ka hana o ka mea kūʻai zinc mai ke kahua hoʻopau hoʻopau i ke kahua ʻai mua a pili i ka lako a me ke koi o ka zinc a me kāna kumukūʻai.No ka laʻana, inā nāwaliwali ka hana o nā ʻoihana mea kūʻai nui zinc e like me ka waiwai a me nā kaʻa, e emi ana ka nui o ke kauoha o ka hoʻohana mua ʻana e like me ka zinc plating a me ka zinc alloys, e hoʻonui ai i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka zinc ma mua o ka koi, a hiki i ka hopena. ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai zinc.

Ma ke ʻano he kālepa zinc nui loa o ka honua, mālama ʻo Glencore i ke kahe o ka zinc i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma ka mākeke me ʻekolu mau pono.ʻO ka mea mua, ka hiki ke hoʻonohonoho pono i nā waiwai i ka mākeke zinc i lalo;ʻO ka lua ka mana ikaika e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kumuwaiwai zinc;ʻO ke kolu ka ʻike nui i ka mākeke zinc.Ma ke ʻano he mea hana zinc nui loa o ka honua, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Glencore i 940000 tons zinc ma 2022, me ka māhele mākeke honua o 7.2%;ʻO ka nui kālepa o ka zinc he 2.4 miliona tons, me ka māhele mākeke honua o 18.4%.ʻO ka hana a me ka nui kālepa o ka zinc ka mea kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua.ʻO Glencore ka helu hoʻokahi o ka honua holoʻokoʻa ke kumu o kona mana nui i nā kumukūʻai zinc, a ʻo ka helu helu ʻekahi kālepa e hoʻonui i kēia mana.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻokani maikaʻi ʻo Shanghai Zinc Exchange i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kumu kūʻai zinc kūloko, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kona mana i nā kuleana kumu kūʻai zinc ma mua o ka LME.

ʻO ka zinc futures i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka Shanghai Stock Exchange ua hana maikaʻi i ka ʻike o ka lako a me ka noi, nā ʻano kumu kūʻai, nā kamaʻilio kumu kūʻai, a me nā mīkini hoʻoili kūʻai kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē o ka mākeke zinc kūloko.Ma lalo o ke kahua mākeke paʻakikī o ka mākeke zinc o Kina, ua kōkua ka Shanghai Zinc Exchange i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana kumu kūʻai kūʻai zinc ākea, kūpono, kūpono, a me ka mana.Ua loaʻa i ka mākeke zinc futures i kekahi ʻano a me ka mana, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o nā mīkini mākeke a me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kālepa kālepa, ke piʻi nei kona kūlana ma ka mākeke honua.I ka makahiki 2022, ua paʻa a hoʻonui iki ka nui kālepa o Shanghai zinc futures.Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai ka Shanghai Stock Exchange, i ka hopena o Nowemapa 2022, ʻo ka nui o ke kālepa ʻana o Shanghai Zinc Futures i 2022 he 63906157 mau hana, he piʻi o 0.64% makahiki-ma-makahiki, me ka awelika o ka nui kālepa o ka mahina o 5809650 mau kālepa. ;I ka makahiki 2022, ua hōʻea ka nui kālepa o Shanghai Zinc Futures i ka 7932.1 biliona yuan, kahi hoʻonui o 11.1% i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka nui o ke kālepa kālepa o 4836.7 biliona yuan.Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomau nei ka mana kumu kūʻai o ka zinc honua e LME, a ʻo ka mākeke zinc futures home e noho mau ana i kahi mākeke kūloko i kahi kūlana subordinate.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai wahi o ka zinc ma Kina ua ulu mai nā huaʻōlelo a nā mea hana a hiki i nā puʻupuʻu pūnaewele pūnaewele, e pili ana i nā kumukūʻai LME.

Ma mua o 2000, ʻaʻohe kahua kūʻai kumu kūʻai wahi zinc ma Kina, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumukūʻai kūʻai wahi ma muli o ka ʻōlelo a ka mea hana.No ka laʻana, ma ka Pearl River Delta, ʻo Zhongjin Lingnan ka mea i hoʻonohonoho nui ʻia, ʻoiai ma ka muliwai ʻo Yangtze Delta, ʻo Zhuzhou Smelter a me Huludao ke kumu kūʻai.He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hana kumu kūʻai kūpono ʻole i nā hana o kēlā me kēia lā o nā ʻoihana i luna a i lalo i ke kaulahao ʻoihana zinc.I ka makahiki 2000, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Shanghai Nonferrous Metals Network (SMM) i kāna pūnaewele, a ua lilo kāna ʻōlelo ʻōlelo i mea kuhikuhi no nā ʻoihana kūloko e kūʻai i kahi wahi zinc.I kēia manawa, ʻo nā huaʻōlelo nui ma ka mākeke wahi kūloko e pili ana i nā huaʻōlelo mai Nan Chu Business Network a me Shanghai Metal Network, akā ʻo nā ʻōlelo mai nā kahua pūnaewele e pili nui ana i nā kumukūʻai LME.

ʻO ka mea mua, ʻo ka nui o nā kumu zinc ma Kina ka lua ma ka honua, akā haʻahaʻa ka maikaʻi awelika a paʻakikī ka ʻili waiwai.

Loaʻa iā Kina ka nui o nā waiwai zinc ore, ka lua o ka honua ma hope o Australia.Hoʻopili nui ʻia nā kumuwaiwai zinc o ka home ma nā wahi e like me Yunnan (24%), Inner Mongolia (20%), Gansu (11%), a me Xinjiang (8%).Eia naʻe, he haʻahaʻa loa ka helu o nā waihona zinc ore ma Kina, me nā mines liʻiliʻi a me nā mines nui liʻiliʻi, a me nā mines wiwi a waiwai.He paʻakikī ka ʻili ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai a he kiʻekiʻe ke kumukūʻai o ka halihali.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka zinc ore o Kina ke kūlana mua ma ka honua, a ke piʻi nei ka mana o nā mea hana zinc kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hana zinc a Kina ka mea nui loa ma ka honua no nā makahiki he nui.I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma o nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka ʻoihana inter, upstream a downstream mergers and acquisitions, a me ka hoʻohui waiwai, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Kina i kahi hui o nā ʻoihana zinc me ka mana honua, me ʻekolu mau ʻoihana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma waena o nā mea hana zinc ore honua he ʻumi.ʻO Zijin Mining ka ʻoihana hana zinc concentrate nui loa ma Kina, me ka pae ʻana o ka zinc ore production scale ma waena o nā ʻelima kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua.Ma 2022, ʻo ka hana zinc he 402000 tons, ʻo ia ka 9.6% o ka nui o ka hana home.Aia ka Minmetals Resources i ke ono o ka honua, me ka hana zinc o 225000 tons ma 2022, e helu ana no 5.3% o ka nui o ka hana home.Aia ʻo Zhongjin Lingnan i ka ʻeiwa ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, me ka hana zinc o 193000 tons i ka makahiki 2022, ʻo ia ka 4.6% o ka nui o ka hana home.ʻO nā mea hana zinc nui ʻē aʻe ʻo Chihong Zinc Germanium, Zinc Industry Co., Ltd., Baiyin Nonferrous Metals, etc.

ʻO ke kolu, ʻo Kina ka mea kūʻai nui loa o ka zinc, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kahua o ka galvanizing a me nā ʻoihana waiwai i lalo.

I ka makahiki 2021, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka zinc a Kina he 6.76 miliona tons, ʻo ia ka mea kūʻai nui o ka zinc ma ka honua.ʻO ka zinc plating ka hapa nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc ma Kina, e helu ana ma kahi o 60% o ka hoʻohana zinc;ʻO ka mea aʻe ʻo ka make-casting zinc alloy a me ka zinc oxide, helu no 15% a me 12% pakahi.ʻO nā wahi noi nui o ka galvanizing ʻo ia ka ʻoihana a me ka waiwai.Ma muli o ka waiwai nui o Kina i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc, ʻo ka pōmaikaʻi o nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻāpana waiwai e loaʻa i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi i ka lako honua, koi, a me ke kumukūʻai o ka zinc.

He kiʻekiʻe ka hilinaʻi waho o Kina i ka zinc a ke hōʻike nei i kahi ʻano piʻi aʻe, me nā kumu hoʻokomo nui ʻo Australia a me Peru.Mai ka makahiki 2016, ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka zinc concentrate ma Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ua lilo ia i mea lawe nui loa i ka honua i ka zinc ore.I ka makahiki 2020, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hilinaʻi o ka zinc concentrate ma mua o 40%.Mai ka ʻāina ma ka ʻāina, ʻo ka ʻāina me ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka zinc concentrate i Kina i ka makahiki 2021 ʻo Australia, me 1.07 miliona mau tona kino i loko o ka makahiki, ʻo ia ka 29.5% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai o ka zinc concentrate;ʻO ka lua, hoʻokuʻu aku ʻo Peru i 780000 mau tona kino i Kina, ʻo ia ka 21.6% o ka nui o ka lawe ʻana mai o ka zinc concentrate.ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hilinaʻi nui ʻana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka zinc ore a me ka neʻe ʻana o nā wahi i lawe ʻia mai, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopilikia ʻia ke kūpaʻa o ka lako zinc i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e ka hoʻolako ʻana a me ka pau ʻana o ka lawe ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā kumu i nele ai ʻo Kina i ke kālepa honua o ka zinc a hiki ke ʻae wale i nā kumukūʻai mākeke honua.

Ua paʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma ka paʻi mua o China Mining Daily ma Mei 15th