He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Graphite a me Lead Iulai?

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka graphite a me ke kēpau ʻo ia ka graphite ʻaʻole ʻona a paʻa loa, ʻoiai ʻo ke kēpau he mea ʻona a paʻa ʻole.

He aha ka Graphite?

ʻO ka graphite he allotrope o ke kalapona me ka paʻa, ka ʻano crystalline.He ʻano lanahu.Eia kekahi, he mineral maoli ia.ʻO nā minela maoli nā mea i loaʻa i hoʻokahi mea kemika e kū ana ma ke ʻano me ka hui ʻole ʻana me kekahi mea ʻē aʻe.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka graphite ke ʻano paʻa loa o ke kalapona i loaʻa i ka mahana a me ke kaomi maʻamau.ʻO ka ʻāpana hou o ka graphite allotrope he kalapona (C).He ʻōnaehana kristal hexagonal ka graphite.Hōʻike ʻia ia ma kahi kala hao-ʻeleʻele a i ke kila-hinahina a loaʻa hoʻi kahi ʻulaʻula metala.He ʻeleʻele ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka graphite (ke kala o ka mineral pauda maikaʻi).

ʻO ka hana aniani graphite he lattice honeycomb.Loaʻa iā ia nā pepa graphene i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma kahi mamao 0.335 nm.Ma kēia ʻano o ka graphite, ʻo ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona he 0.142 nm.Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau ʻātoma kalapona i kekahi i kekahi ma o nā paʻa covalent, hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona me ʻekolu mau kaula covalent a puni.He 4 ka valency o ka atom carbon;No laila, aia ka hā o ka electron i noho ʻole ʻia i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻātoma kalapona o kēia hale.No laila, ua noa ka neʻe ʻana o kēia electron, e hana ana i ka graphite electrically conductive.He mea pono ka graphite maoli i ka refractory, batteries, steelmaking, expanded graphite, brake linings, foundry facings, and lubricants.

He aha ka Lead?

ʻO ke kēpau he mea kemika me ka helu atomika 82 a me ka hōʻailona kemika Pb.Loaʻa ia ma ke ʻano he mea kemika metala.He metala koʻikoʻi kēia metala a ʻoi aku ka ʻeleʻele ma mua o ka hapa nui o nā mea maʻamau a mākou i ʻike ai.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana ke kēpau ma ke ʻano he metala palupalu a malleable me kahi wahi heheʻe haʻahaʻa.Hiki iā mākou ke ʻoki maʻalahi i kēia metala, a he hiʻohiʻona polū kona ʻano me ke ʻano metala hina hina.ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo kēia metala ka helu atomika kiʻekiʻe loa o nā mea paʻa.

I ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā waiwai nui o ke kēpau, he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, malleability, ductility, a me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka corrosion ma muli o ka passivation.Loaʻa i ke kepau kahi ʻano cubic i hoʻopili ʻia i ka maka a me ke kaumaha atomika kiʻekiʻe, kahi i loaʻa ai i kahi ʻano ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka nui o nā metala maʻamau e like me ka hao, ke keleawe, a me ka zinc.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hapa nui o nā metala, he haʻahaʻa loa ka helu heheʻe o ke kēpau, a ʻo kona wahi paila ka haʻahaʻa loa ma waena o nā mea hui 14.

Hana ʻia ke alakaʻi i kahi papa pale ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka ea.ʻO ka mea maʻamau o kēia papa he kepau(II) carbonate.Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana sulfate a me ka chloride o ke kēpau.Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻāpana i ka ʻili metala kepau me ka paʻa ʻole i ke ea.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana ke kinoea fluorine me ke kēpau ma ka lumi wela e hana i ka fluoride lead(II).Aia kekahi ʻano like me ke kinoea chlorine, akā pono ia e hoʻomehana.Ma waho aʻe o ia mea, kūʻē ka metala kepau i ka ʻakika sulfuric a me ka waikawa phosphoric akā hoʻopili me ka HCl a me ka waikawa HNO3.Hiki i nā waikawa organik e like me ka acetic acid ke hoʻoheheʻe i ke alakaʻi i mua o ka oxygen.Pēlā nō, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ke alakaʻi i nā plumbites.

No ka mea ua pāpā ʻia ke alakaʻi ma USA i ka makahiki 1978 ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka pena ma muli o nā hopena ʻona, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana penikala.Eia naʻe, ʻo ia ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana penikala ma mua o ia manawa.Ua ʻike ʻia ke kēpau he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i ke kanaka.No laila, ʻimi ka poʻe i nā mea pani e pani ai i ke kēpau me kahi mea ʻē aʻe no ka hana ʻana i nā penikala.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o Graphite a me Lead?

ʻO ka graphite a me ke kēpau nā mea kemika koʻikoʻi ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai pono a me ka hoʻohana ʻana.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka graphite a me ke kēpau ʻo ia ka graphite ʻaʻole ʻona a paʻa loa, ʻoiai ʻo ke kēpau he mea ʻona a paʻa ʻole.

ʻO ke kēpau he metala paʻa ʻole ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana.Hiki iā mākou ke hōʻike i ke ʻano metala nāwaliwali o ke kēpau me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kona ʻano amphoteric.E laʻa me ke kepau a me ke kepau oxide e hui pū me nā ʻakika a me nā kumu a hana i nā mea paʻa covalent.Loaʻa pinepine nā hui o ke kēpau he +2 o ke kēpau ma mua o ka +4 o ke kēpau (ʻo +4 ka mea maʻamau no ka hui 14 mau mea kemika).