Ua ʻōlelo koke aku nei kekahi loiloi ma Sprott ʻo ke piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai ikehu a me ka nele o ka waikawa sulfuric - ʻo ka hapalima o ka hana keleawe honua e pono ai ka waikawa sulfuric - ke hoʻonui nei i nā kumukūʻai mining, kahi i ʻike ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoulu nui aʻe no nā kumukūʻai keleawe. Manaʻolana pū ʻo Goldman Sachs e pili ana i kahi piʻi hou ʻana o nā kumukūʻai keleawe ma muli o nā hoʻopilikia ʻaoʻao lako. Ua haʻalele loa ka International Copper Study Group i kāna wānana keu ma mua a ke manaʻo nei i kahi hemahema o 150,000 tone i ka makahiki 2026. ʻO nā lua keleawe 10 kiʻekiʻe o ka honua - he nui o lākou i hana no nā makahiki he ʻumi, ʻo kekahi mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 - he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalima o ka hana keleawe honua, e hana pū ana i 4.9 miliona tone o ke keleawe i ka makahiki 2025. ʻO ka mea kupanaha, ma hope o ka nalowale ʻana o ke poʻo inoa o ka mea hana keleawe nui loa o ka honua iā BHP ma ke kumu hana hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia, ʻaʻohe lua hana hoʻokahi a Codelco o Chile i loko o nā ʻumi kiʻekiʻe. E like me ka mea i hōʻike piha ʻia i ka makahiki i hala, hiki i nā hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka hana ma kēia mau lua nui (e like me nā hanana ma Grasberg lāua ʻo Kamoa‑Kakula i lawe aku i nā haneli haneli o nā tona o ke keleawe mai ka mākeke) ke hoʻopilikia nui i nā kumukūʻai keleawe.
1. Escondida – Aia ma Chile, ʻo Escondida kahi hui like o BHP, Rio Tinto, Mitsubishi, a me JX Advanced Metals. Ua hana ʻo ia i 1,347,600 tone o ke keleawe i ka makahiki 2025, ʻo ia ka mea mua. Ua lōʻihi ʻo Escondida ka lua keleawe nui loa o ka honua, a ua ʻike ʻia ka loiloi hana a BHP no nā mahina ʻeiwa i pau i ka lā 31 o Malaki i ka moʻolelo o ka hana mining a me ka concentrator throughput.
2. Grasberg – Aia ma Indonesia, ʻo Grasberg ka mea nona like ʻo Freeport‑McMoRan a me Persero o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Indonesia, me Freeport ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokele. Ua hana ʻo ia i 460,400 tone o ke keleawe no ka makahiki piha. Ke hana nei ʻo Freeport i ka hopena o ka ʻāina luku i ka makahiki i hala, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ai i 800,000 tone o ka lepo. Manaʻo ka ʻoihana e hoʻi hou ka hale hana mining nui ma Central Papua i ka hana piha ma ka hoʻomaka ʻana o 2028.
3. Las Bambas – Aia ma Peru, ʻo Las Bambas ka mea nona like ʻo MMG, CITIC, a me Pagoda Tree Investment Company. Ua hana ʻo ia i 411,300 tone o ke keleawe i ka makahiki 2025. Ua hoʻopilikia ʻia ka lua e nā kūʻē i ka makahiki 2024, akā ua hoʻomaka hou nā hana i ʻApelila 2025 ma hope o ka ʻae ʻana o nā mea kūʻē e wehe i nā pale ma ke ala halihali koʻikoʻi ma Peru.
4. Buenavista – Ua piʻi aʻe ka lua ʻeli keleawe ʻo Buenavista ma Mekiko ma kahi ʻehā ma ka helu o kēia makahiki, e hana ana i 409,400 tone. ʻO kēia wahi eli mōʻaukala, aia he 22 mile ma ka hema o ka palena ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua hana nei i ke keleawe mai ka makahiki 1899.
5. Collahuasi – ʻO ka lua ʻeli Collahuasi ma Chile, kahi hui like o Glencore, Anglo American, a me Mitsui, ua hana i 404,100 tone. I ʻApelila o kēia makahiki, ua hoʻopau nā mea hana i kahi ʻōnaehana e lawe i ka wai mai ke kūlanakauhale kahakai o Punta Patache a i ka waihona ʻo Ujina ma luna o 4,400 mika ma luna o ka ʻilikai, ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kahua hana he $1 biliona.
6. KGHM – ʻO ka lua KGHM o Polani, nona wale nō ʻo Polska Miedź, ua hana i 401,100 tone. I ka mahina i hala, ua ʻōlelo ka ʻoihana e ʻimi nei e hoʻopukapuka i nā lua ma ʻEulopa a me Morocco e hoʻopaʻa i nā lako o ka ʻaihao kokoke i kona kahua hoʻoheheʻe Polani. ʻO KGHM kekahi i kūlana mua ma kā mākou papa inoa o nā lua kālā.
7. Cerro Verde – Aia ma Peru, ʻo Cerro Verde kahi hui like o Freeport‑McMoRan, Sumitomo, a me Buenaventura. Ua hana ʻia he 391,500 tone, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hiku. Ua hoʻomaka mua ke aupuni Peruvian i ka hana ʻeli ʻana i ka oxide ore ma Cerro Verde i ka makahiki 1972 a ua kūkulu i kekahi o nā hale hana electrowinning solvent extraction mua loa o ka honua.
8. Kamoa‑Kakula – Aia ma ka Repubalika Demokarata o Kongo, ʻo ka hale hana mining ʻo Kamoa‑Kakula nona like ʻia e Ivanhoe Mines, Zijin Mining, Crystal River, a me ke aupuni Kongo. Ua hāʻule ia mai ke kolu a i ka walu o kahi, e hana ana i 385,800 tone. I ka makahiki 2025, ua hoʻoulu ka hana seismic i ke komo nui ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka lua honua, a ua hoʻōki ʻo Ivanhoe i nā hana no ʻekolu pule. I ʻApelila o kēia makahiki, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻo Ivanhoe i kāna alakaʻi hana kokoke, e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻololi i ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma lalo o ka honua, ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, a me ka hana komo, kahi e kaupalena ai i ka hānai ore no nā mahina 18 a 24 e hiki mai ana.
9. Antamina – Aia ma Peru, ʻo Antamina ka mea nona like ʻo BHP, Glencore, Teck, a me Mitsubishi. Ua hana ʻo ia i 368,000 tone, e piʻi ana mai ka wahi ʻumi a i ka wahi ʻeiwa. I ka makahiki i hala, ua wānana ka mea hoʻokele o Antamina i kahi piʻi kokoke i 20% o ka hana keleawe.
10. ʻO Oyu Tolgoi – ʻO ka lua ʻeli ʻo Oyu Tolgoi, kahi hui like ma waena o Rio Tinto a me ke aupuni Mongolia, ua hana i 345,100 tone. ʻO ke aupuni, nona ka 34% o ka ʻāpana ma ka lua ʻeli ma o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Erdenes Mongol LLC, ua wehe hou i kēia makahiki i nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo kālepa o ka papahana $18 biliona, e noi ana i nā hāʻawi kālā mua a me kahi mahele nui o ka loaʻa kālā.
ʻO nā lua ʻē aʻe i ʻike nui ʻia: ʻO Morenci ma Arizona, US - 313,100 tone; ʻO Quellaveco ma Peru - 309,900 tone; ʻO Los Pelambres ma Chile - 295,400 tone.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-25-2026
